Nanoscale Memory Repair

Masashi Horiguchi; Kiyoo Itoh

Buku ini diterbitkan oleh Springer tahun 2011. Cakupan 226 halaman.

Daftar isi:

1. An Introduction to Repair Techniques, 1

• Introduction, 1
• Hard and Soft Errors and Repair Techniques, 1
• Margin Errors and Repair Techniques, 9
• Speed-Relevant Errors and Repair Techniques, 15

2. Redundancy, 19

• Introduction, 19
• Models of Fault Distribution, 20
• Yield Improvement Through Redundancy, 25
• Replacement Schemes, 29
• Intrasubarray Replacement, 36
• Intersubarray Replacement, 52
• Subarray Replacement, 54
• Devices for Storing Addresses, 56
• Testing for Redundancy, 61

3. Error Checking and Correction (ECC), 69

• Introduction, 69
• Linear Algebra and Linear Codes, 70
• Galois Field, 75
• Error-Correcting Codes, 77
• Coding and Decoding Circuits, 92
• Theoretical Reduction in Soft-Error and Hard-Error Rates, 105
•  Application of ECC, 111
• Testing for ECC, 135

4. Combination of Redundancy and Error Correction, 139

• Introduction, 139
• Repair of Bit Faults Using Synergistic Effect, 139
• Application of Synergistic Effect, 149

5. Reduction Techniques for Margin Errors of Nano-scale Memories, 157

• Introduction, 157
• Definition of Vmin, 159
• Reduction of Vmin for Wider Margins, 160
• Advanced MOSFETs for Wider Margins, 165
• Logic Circuits for Wider Margins, 173
• SRAMs for Wider Margins, 182
• DRAMs for Wider Margins, 188
• Subsystems for Wider Margins, 194

6. Reduction Techniques for Speed-Relevant Errors of Nanoscale Memories, 203

• Introduction, 203
•  Reduction Techniques for Speed-Degradation Errors, 204
•  Reduction Techniques for Interdie Speed-Variation Errors, 205

Index , 213

 

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Handbook For The Chemical Analysis of Plastic and Polymer Additives

Michael Bolgar; et al.

Buku ini diterbitkan oleh Taylor & Francis Group, LLC  tahun 2008. Cakupan 498 halaman.

Daftar isi:

Chapter 1 Overview of Polymers, Additives, and Processing, 1

• Introduction, 1 
• Overview of Polymeric Compounds, 2 
• Compounding Objectives, 2 
• Thermoplastic Compounding, 3 
• Crosslinked Elastomer Compounding, 6 
• Thermoplastic Elastomer Compounding, 8

Compounding Supplement, 9

• Introduction, 9 
• Methods of Compounding: Thermoplas-tic Polymers, 9 
• Methods of Compounding: Crosslinked Elastomers, 12

Chapter 2 Extraction and Analysis, 19

• Introduction, 19 
• Extraction Methods, 19 
• Analytical Methods, 22 
• System Maintenance, 24

Chapter 3 Accelerators, 27

Chapter 4 Antidegradants, 41

Chapter 5 Antioxidants, 61

Chapter 6 Coupling Agents, 159

Chapter 7 Flame Retardants, 171

Chapter 8 Plasticizers, 185

Chapter 9 Other Compounds of Interest, 303

Chapter 10 Real World Problems Related to Additives, 315

• Case Studies: Polymer Additives in Pharma-ceutical Packaging, 315 
• Case Studies: Contamination from Packaging, 322 
• Case Studies: Polymers for Electrical Equip-ment Applications, 327

APPENDIX A Chromatograms, 335

APPENDIX B Definitions and Abbreviations, 463

Subject, 465



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Thermophotovoltaics: Basic Principles and Critical Aspects of System Design

Thomas Bauer

Buku ini diterbitkan oleh Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg tahun 2011. Cakupan 223 halaman.

Daftar isi:

1. Introduction, 1

• Importance of Thermophotovoltaics, 1 
• Comparison of Solar PV and TPV Conversion, 3 
• TPV Literature, 5 
• Historical Development, 6 
• Energy Balance and Efficiency of a General Type System, 7

Part I Single Components

2. Radiators (Emitters), 17

• Introduction, 17 
• Thermal Stability of the Radiator, 18 
• Broadband Ceramic Radiators, 19 
• Selective Radiators Based on Transition Metal Oxides, 22 
• Metal Radiators, 26 
• Other Novel Radiator Materials and Concepts, 29

3. Filters, 35

• Introduction, 35 
• Bulk Dielectrics in the Cavity (Heat Shields), 37 
• Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) Filters, 42 
• Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) Filters, 43 
• All-Dielectric Filters, 45 
• Metal-Dielectric Filters, 45 
• Combined Dielectric-TCO Filters, 46 
• Other Filter Concepts, 46

4. Photovoltaic Cells, 53

• Introduction, 53 
• PV Cell Theory, 53 
• Fabrication Technologies and Epitaxial Growth, 62 
• PV Cell Design with Spectral Control, 64 
• Group of IV Semiconductors, 65 
• Group of III-V Semiconductors, 66 
• Other Materials and Aspects, 69

Part II Systems

5. Heat Transfer Theory and System Modell-ing, 85

• Introduction, 85 
• Conduction, 86 
• Convection, 87 
• Radiation, 88 
• Combined Heat Transfer Mode, 96

6. Cavity Design and Optical Control, 101

• Introduction, 101 
• Ultimate Efficiency and Power Density (Upper Limits), 102 
• TPV Cavity Arrangements, 110 
• Thermal Insulation Design, 114 
• Novel and TPV-Related Concepts, 117

7. Competing Technologies, 129

• Introduction, 129 
• Heat Engine Generators, 130 
• Electro-Chemical Cells, 132 
• Direct Heat-to-Electricity Conversion Devices, 135 
• Solar Photovoltaic Systems, 140 
• Summary, Discussion and Comparison with TPV, 140

8. Applications of TPV Generators, 147

• Introduction, 147 
• Nuclear Generator, 153 
• Solar Generator, 155 
• Combustion Generator, 161 
• Waste Heat Recovery Generator, 179

Index, 197

 

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