1. Process for producing perchloric acid and ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 5,131,989 / Dotson , et al. / July 21, 1992
Abstract
Ammonium perchlorate is produced a process which comprises: (a) oxidizing a solution of chloric acid substantially free of ionic impurities, (b) introducing gaseous ammonia or an ammonium hydroxide solution into the crystallizing zone to produce ammonium perchlorate crystals, wherein the aqueous solution of perchloric acid and/or the ammonium hydroxide solution is in droplet form. High purity ammonium perchlorate crystals can now be produced directly which are free of transition metals, sulfates and phosphates, as well as substantially free of other ionic impurities including alkali metals, chlorate and chloride.
United States Patent 5,131,989 / Dotson , et al. / July 21, 1992
Abstract
Ammonium perchlorate is produced a process which comprises: (a) oxidizing a solution of chloric acid substantially free of ionic impurities, (b) introducing gaseous ammonia or an ammonium hydroxide solution into the crystallizing zone to produce ammonium perchlorate crystals, wherein the aqueous solution of perchloric acid and/or the ammonium hydroxide solution is in droplet form. High purity ammonium perchlorate crystals can now be produced directly which are free of transition metals, sulfates and phosphates, as well as substantially free of other ionic impurities including alkali metals, chlorate and chloride.
2. Preparation of ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 3,288,560
No Abstract
3. Process for the preparation of high purity ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 3,307,903
No abstract
4. Continuous electrolytic production of alkali metal perchlorates
United States Patent 5,004,527
Abstract
The alkali metal perchlorates, e.g., sodium perchlorate or hydrate thereof, are continuously produced by continuously electrolyzing an aqueous solution electrolyte of a corresponding alkali metal chlorate in a single stage, while maintaining such electrolyte homogeneous and compositionally uniform over time by the continuous and simultaneous introduction of alkali metal chlorate and water thereto, and continuously directly separating desired alkali metal perchlorate from such solution of electrolysis.
5. Process for making perchlorates
United States Patent 2,512,973
No abstract
6. Electrolytic preparation of perchlorates
United States Patent 3,475,301
No abstract
7. Continuous manufacture of chlorates and perchlorates
United States Patent 3,518,173
No abstract
8. Electrodes for electrolytic processes, especially perchlorate production
United States Patent 4,267,025
Abstract
An electrode especially for the production of chlorates and perchlorates comprising an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 40 to 85 parts by weight of platinum, 0 to 20 parts by weight of palladium and 15 to 40 parts by weight (as tin metal) of tin dioxide.
9. Method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 4,023,935 / Levinthal , et al. / May 17, 1977
Abstract
A method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate which comprises establishing a two-phase liquid system in which the upper phase is a concentrated solution of ammonium perchlorate and the lower phase is a liquid which is immiscible with the upper phase solvent and a non-solvent for ammonium perchlorate. Precipitation of ammonium perchlorate from the solution into the non-solvent is effected by either cooling the solution or evaporating the solvent thereof while subjecting the system to ultra-sonic vibrations. Fine ammonium perchlorate particles collect in the non-solvent phase and are recovered therefrom.
10. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 2,739,873
11. Improvements in and relating to the Production of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB125677 - 1919-05-01 / DUNK ALFRED JAMES; BAILEY CLEMENT WILLIAM
Abstract:
125,677. Bailey, C. W., Denny, H. S., and Dunk, A. J. Jan. 18, 1918. Ammonium perchlorate.-Relates to the pro- duction of ammonium perchlorate by the inter- action of ammonium sulphate and sodium per- chlorate in the presence of water. According to the invention, sodium perchlorate is added to the mother-liquor obtained by causing ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate to react in the presence of water at about 30-35 C., the tem- perature is raised to about 100 C. to cause the separation of anhydrous sodium sulphate, and am- monium sulphate is then added to the residual solution cooled to about 30-35 C. to effect the precipitation of ammonium perchlorate; the mother-liquor obtained is then treated in succes- sion with sodium perchlorate and ammonium sul- phate as set forth above.
12. Improved Manufacture of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB110544 - 1918-04-18
Abstract:
110,544. Aktiebolaget Carlit. Sept. 25, 1916, [Convention date]. Ammonium perchlorate.-In the process of manufacturing ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition between ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate in which hot or cold solutions are mixed or in which one of the salts may be used in the solid form, the ammonium perchlorate being separated from the mother liquor before the crystallization of sodium sulphate begins, i.e., above 26 C., the mother liquors are evaporated to recover remaining ammonium perchlorate in vacuum apparatus or otherwise at temperatures between 45 and 100 C. to cause the separation of sodium sulphate in loose form and avoid incrusta- tions. Iron apparatus can be used.
13. Improved manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB137034 - 1921-02-17
Abstract:
In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C., and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added, preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when an equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquid may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with the temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subjec-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.ALSO:In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C. and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when the equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquor may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.
14. Improved process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB912953 - 1962-12-12 / AYERST RONALD PERCY
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by reacting NaClO4 solution with CO2 and NH3, separating the precipitated NH4ClO4 from the mother liquor, and washing. The mother liquor and wash water is treated with CO2, and precipitated NaHCO3 separated and washed. The filtrate from NaHCO3 separation and wash water may be evaporated to produce a residual solution containing NaClO4 and NH4ClO4, which is recycled to the initial stage. The NH3, CO2, and H2O mixture, formed in the evaporation, has water condensed therefrom, and is also returned to the initial stage. Both CO2 reactions may be carried out at up to 60 DEG C.
15. Improvements in and relating to processes for the production of ammonium perchlorate
GB1148125 - 1969-04-10
Abstract:
1,148,125. Ammonium perchlorate. UGINE KUHLMANN. 28 March, 1967 [29 March, 1966], No. 14102/67. Heading C1A. Substantially pure, anhydrous ammonium perchlorate is produced by reacting an alkali metal perchlorate with ammonium sulphate, in a solvent, other than water, in which ammo- nium perchlorate is more soluble than the alkali metal sulphate, e.g. liquefied anhydrous ammo- nia, filtering the resultant suspension, and extracting the ammonium perchlorate by allowing the solvent to evaporate from the filtrate. The alkali metal perchlorate may be sodium perchlorate. Filtrate solutions may contain up to 55% by weight of ammonium per- chlorate. The reaction may take place in an autoclave, and ammonium perchlorate may be separated from the filtrate by depressurization in an autoclave containing a saturated solution of ammonium perchlorate from a previous operation.
16. Ammonium perchlorate
GB1020047 - 1966-02-16
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by treating a concentrated aqueous alkali metal perchlorate solution with conc. H2SO4, distilling CH104 at 15-400 mm. Hg and neutralizing the aqueous HC104 solution with ammonia. Saturated ammonium perchlorate solution may be recycled from a previous crystallization stage. The particle size distribution may be varied by altering the starting temperature, a lower initial temperature leading to larger granules. The alkali metal perchlorate may be prepared by electrolytic oxidation and treatment with baryta to precipitate any chromate present. The crystallization stage may be carried out under reduced pressure. Examples in which gaseous ammonia is used, refer to batchwise and continuous processes.
17. MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
IL21650 - 1968-01-25
No abstract
18. AN IMPROVED CYCLIC ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE
IN152858 - 1984-04-21/ UDUPA HANDADY VENKATAKRISHNA; NARASIMHAM KAPISTHALAM CHETLUR
No abstract
19. Method and apparatus for making ammonium perchlorate
US3928546 - 1975-12-23 / GUZZO ANTHONY T
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia is preferably mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixture reacted with substantially pure, anhydrous perchloric acid vapor to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be separated from the gas mixture by an electrostatic precipitator or by means of a spray tower.
20. Vapor phase method of making ammonium perchlorate
US3883641 - 1975-05-13 / CONRAD RAYMOND
Abstract:
A method for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia and perchloric acid vapor are separately mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixtures reacted to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be recovered by means of a dust bag filter.
21. PROCESS FOR MAKING WHISKER-LIKE CRYSTALS OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3870577 - 1975-03-11 / HILLS MARIAN E; AYRES WILLIAM M
Abstract:
A process for producing whisker-like crystals of micron and submicron size of ammonium perchlorate which comprises feeding a solution of ammonium perchlorate through a silicone-coated porous glass tube. These crystals are used as an ingredient in explosives, pyrotechnic compositions and propellant compositions for solid fuel rockets.
22. METHOD OF PRODUCING FINE PARTICLE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3685163 - 1972-08-22 / OLT ROBERT L
No abstract
23. Preparation of ammonium perchlorate
US3288560 - 1966-11-29 / GALE WILLIAM A; REBURN WILLIAM T
No abstract
24. Process for producing ammonium perchlorate
US3254947 - 1966-06-07 / STERN DAVID R
No abstract
25. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate and sodium ammonium phosphate
US3154380 - 1964-10-27 / HIDEO ARITA
No abstract
26. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
US3105735 - 1963-10-01 / PERCY AYERST RONALD
No abstract
27. Ammonium perchlorate manufacturing process
US2972514 - 1961-02-21 / RITCHEY HAROLD W
No abstract
28. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
US2739873 - 1956-03-27 / SCHUMACHER JOSEPH C
No abstract
No Abstract
3. Process for the preparation of high purity ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 3,307,903
No abstract
4. Continuous electrolytic production of alkali metal perchlorates
United States Patent 5,004,527
Abstract
The alkali metal perchlorates, e.g., sodium perchlorate or hydrate thereof, are continuously produced by continuously electrolyzing an aqueous solution electrolyte of a corresponding alkali metal chlorate in a single stage, while maintaining such electrolyte homogeneous and compositionally uniform over time by the continuous and simultaneous introduction of alkali metal chlorate and water thereto, and continuously directly separating desired alkali metal perchlorate from such solution of electrolysis.
5. Process for making perchlorates
United States Patent 2,512,973
No abstract
6. Electrolytic preparation of perchlorates
United States Patent 3,475,301
No abstract
7. Continuous manufacture of chlorates and perchlorates
United States Patent 3,518,173
No abstract
8. Electrodes for electrolytic processes, especially perchlorate production
United States Patent 4,267,025
Abstract
An electrode especially for the production of chlorates and perchlorates comprising an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 40 to 85 parts by weight of platinum, 0 to 20 parts by weight of palladium and 15 to 40 parts by weight (as tin metal) of tin dioxide.
9. Method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 4,023,935 / Levinthal , et al. / May 17, 1977
Abstract
A method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate which comprises establishing a two-phase liquid system in which the upper phase is a concentrated solution of ammonium perchlorate and the lower phase is a liquid which is immiscible with the upper phase solvent and a non-solvent for ammonium perchlorate. Precipitation of ammonium perchlorate from the solution into the non-solvent is effected by either cooling the solution or evaporating the solvent thereof while subjecting the system to ultra-sonic vibrations. Fine ammonium perchlorate particles collect in the non-solvent phase and are recovered therefrom.
10. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 2,739,873
11. Improvements in and relating to the Production of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB125677 - 1919-05-01 / DUNK ALFRED JAMES; BAILEY CLEMENT WILLIAM
Abstract:
125,677. Bailey, C. W., Denny, H. S., and Dunk, A. J. Jan. 18, 1918. Ammonium perchlorate.-Relates to the pro- duction of ammonium perchlorate by the inter- action of ammonium sulphate and sodium per- chlorate in the presence of water. According to the invention, sodium perchlorate is added to the mother-liquor obtained by causing ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate to react in the presence of water at about 30-35 C., the tem- perature is raised to about 100 C. to cause the separation of anhydrous sodium sulphate, and am- monium sulphate is then added to the residual solution cooled to about 30-35 C. to effect the precipitation of ammonium perchlorate; the mother-liquor obtained is then treated in succes- sion with sodium perchlorate and ammonium sul- phate as set forth above.
12. Improved Manufacture of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB110544 - 1918-04-18
Abstract:
110,544. Aktiebolaget Carlit. Sept. 25, 1916, [Convention date]. Ammonium perchlorate.-In the process of manufacturing ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition between ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate in which hot or cold solutions are mixed or in which one of the salts may be used in the solid form, the ammonium perchlorate being separated from the mother liquor before the crystallization of sodium sulphate begins, i.e., above 26 C., the mother liquors are evaporated to recover remaining ammonium perchlorate in vacuum apparatus or otherwise at temperatures between 45 and 100 C. to cause the separation of sodium sulphate in loose form and avoid incrusta- tions. Iron apparatus can be used.
13. Improved manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB137034 - 1921-02-17
Abstract:
In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C., and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added, preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when an equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquid may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with the temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subjec-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.ALSO:In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C. and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when the equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquor may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.
14. Improved process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB912953 - 1962-12-12 / AYERST RONALD PERCY
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by reacting NaClO4 solution with CO2 and NH3, separating the precipitated NH4ClO4 from the mother liquor, and washing. The mother liquor and wash water is treated with CO2, and precipitated NaHCO3 separated and washed. The filtrate from NaHCO3 separation and wash water may be evaporated to produce a residual solution containing NaClO4 and NH4ClO4, which is recycled to the initial stage. The NH3, CO2, and H2O mixture, formed in the evaporation, has water condensed therefrom, and is also returned to the initial stage. Both CO2 reactions may be carried out at up to 60 DEG C.
15. Improvements in and relating to processes for the production of ammonium perchlorate
GB1148125 - 1969-04-10
Abstract:
1,148,125. Ammonium perchlorate. UGINE KUHLMANN. 28 March, 1967 [29 March, 1966], No. 14102/67. Heading C1A. Substantially pure, anhydrous ammonium perchlorate is produced by reacting an alkali metal perchlorate with ammonium sulphate, in a solvent, other than water, in which ammo- nium perchlorate is more soluble than the alkali metal sulphate, e.g. liquefied anhydrous ammo- nia, filtering the resultant suspension, and extracting the ammonium perchlorate by allowing the solvent to evaporate from the filtrate. The alkali metal perchlorate may be sodium perchlorate. Filtrate solutions may contain up to 55% by weight of ammonium per- chlorate. The reaction may take place in an autoclave, and ammonium perchlorate may be separated from the filtrate by depressurization in an autoclave containing a saturated solution of ammonium perchlorate from a previous operation.
16. Ammonium perchlorate
GB1020047 - 1966-02-16
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by treating a concentrated aqueous alkali metal perchlorate solution with conc. H2SO4, distilling CH104 at 15-400 mm. Hg and neutralizing the aqueous HC104 solution with ammonia. Saturated ammonium perchlorate solution may be recycled from a previous crystallization stage. The particle size distribution may be varied by altering the starting temperature, a lower initial temperature leading to larger granules. The alkali metal perchlorate may be prepared by electrolytic oxidation and treatment with baryta to precipitate any chromate present. The crystallization stage may be carried out under reduced pressure. Examples in which gaseous ammonia is used, refer to batchwise and continuous processes.
17. MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
IL21650 - 1968-01-25
No abstract
18. AN IMPROVED CYCLIC ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE
IN152858 - 1984-04-21/ UDUPA HANDADY VENKATAKRISHNA; NARASIMHAM KAPISTHALAM CHETLUR
No abstract
19. Method and apparatus for making ammonium perchlorate
US3928546 - 1975-12-23 / GUZZO ANTHONY T
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia is preferably mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixture reacted with substantially pure, anhydrous perchloric acid vapor to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be separated from the gas mixture by an electrostatic precipitator or by means of a spray tower.
20. Vapor phase method of making ammonium perchlorate
US3883641 - 1975-05-13 / CONRAD RAYMOND
Abstract:
A method for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia and perchloric acid vapor are separately mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixtures reacted to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be recovered by means of a dust bag filter.
21. PROCESS FOR MAKING WHISKER-LIKE CRYSTALS OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3870577 - 1975-03-11 / HILLS MARIAN E; AYRES WILLIAM M
Abstract:
A process for producing whisker-like crystals of micron and submicron size of ammonium perchlorate which comprises feeding a solution of ammonium perchlorate through a silicone-coated porous glass tube. These crystals are used as an ingredient in explosives, pyrotechnic compositions and propellant compositions for solid fuel rockets.
22. METHOD OF PRODUCING FINE PARTICLE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3685163 - 1972-08-22 / OLT ROBERT L
No abstract
23. Preparation of ammonium perchlorate
US3288560 - 1966-11-29 / GALE WILLIAM A; REBURN WILLIAM T
No abstract
24. Process for producing ammonium perchlorate
US3254947 - 1966-06-07 / STERN DAVID R
No abstract
25. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate and sodium ammonium phosphate
US3154380 - 1964-10-27 / HIDEO ARITA
No abstract
26. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
US3105735 - 1963-10-01 / PERCY AYERST RONALD
No abstract
27. Ammonium perchlorate manufacturing process
US2972514 - 1961-02-21 / RITCHEY HAROLD W
No abstract
28. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
US2739873 - 1956-03-27 / SCHUMACHER JOSEPH C
No abstract
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