Automatic Coupler: Kumpulan Informasi

1. Automatic intermodal railway car coupler
United States Patent 6,776,299 / Trescott / August 17, 2004
Abstract:
A railcar coupler which integrates fluid and electrical connections into one modular unit with increased facility for automatically connecting these connections when cars are pushed together and automatically disconnecting these connections when railway cars are lifted up off of railroad tracks.

2. Automatic latching lockout shaft sensing coupler
United States Patent 6,666,614 / Fechter , et al. / December 23, 2003
Abstract:
A coupler assembly for axially coupling a hub onto a shaft includes a latch assembly that prevents a locking collar from latching to the hub in a released or disengaged position when the shaft is in the hub. The collar latch assembly includes a latch ring biased eccentrically about the hub and release members when in a released position so as to engage a surface of the hub. When the shaft is inserted into the hub, the release members move to a radially outward position and center the latch ring on the hub. This allows the collar to slide by spring force to a locked position in which the locking members are moved radially inward to engage recesses in the shaft. The release members remain in the radially outward position as long as the shaft is in the hub, thereby preventing the locking ring from engaging the hub and locking the collar in the released position while the shaft is engaged with the hub.

3. Automatic hitch coupler
United States Patent 6,164,681 / Grammer / December 26, 2000
Abstract:
A pivotal guide for a trailer hitch which guides a trailer socket to engage a hitch ball when the user forces the trailer guide to engage the trailer socket. A base plate is pivotally connected to a hitch bar, which when a trailer tongue engages a base plate the hitch ball attached to the base plate is raised to be positioned directly below the trailer socket. The base plate has a pair of guiding walls for horizontal positioning of the trailer socket. The guide further has two locking devices for securing the base plate to the hitch bar. A second locking procedure is one in which a latch and latch receiver are attached between the base plate and the hitch bar respectively, thereby allowing the base plate to automatically be secured with the hitch bar when the base plate is in the final position.

4. Automatic coaxial engagement drive coupler
United States Patent 6,003,454 / Ozers , et al. / December 21, 1999
Abstract:
A first torque coupler adapted for use with a second torque coupler having first and second lugs spaced apart by a first distance includes a support, a first member rotatably coupled to the support and including a third lug, and a second member rotatably coupled to the support and including a fourth lug. The first and second members engage one another to prevent unrestricted rotation of the first and second members in the same direction. The first and second members are rotatable in opposite directions when in engagement with at least one of the first and second lugs to move at least one of the third and fourth lugs, a first torque transmitting position in which the third and fourth lugs are spaced from one another by a second distance substantially equal to the first distance to a second position in which the third and fourth lugs are spaced from one another by a third distance unequal to the first distance.

5. Automatic uncocking shaft sensing coupler
United States Patent 5,779,385 / Fechter / July 14, 1998
Abstract:
A coupling for axially fixing a hub on a shaft has locking members slidable in slots of the hub and which are engaged in recesses in the shaft by a collar which holds the locking members in the recesses so as to fix the hub axially on the shaft. In a released position, a shoulder on the collar catches behind a ledge formed on the hub, but only when the shaft is removed from the hub. When the shaft is in the hub, it cams against uncocking members in the form of balls which prevent the collar from being tilted so as to engage the collar shoulder with the ledge on the hub. One embodiment for a larger application has a collar biasing spring radially inside of the collar and axially between the locking members and the shaft entry end of the hub. An embodiment for a smaller application has the spring radially outside of the hub and on the opposite axial side of the locking elements. A shield is provided in this embodiment to enclose the spring chamber.

6. Automatic quick-connect coupler for implements
United States Patent 5,692,855 / Burton / December 2, 1997
Abstract:
The coupler is attached to the boom of a tractor or other vehicle and enables the boom to be quickly and automatically connected to an implement such as a loader bucket. The coupler includes spring-loaded and laterally shiftable pins which automatically latch to the implement when the coupler is shifted forwardly toward the implement. Unlatching of the pins is effected by manually turning an operating handle. The operating handle is connected to the pins by laterally rigid links which cause movement of the handle to follow movement of the pins in all positions of the pins so that the position of the handle serves as a visual indicator as to whether the pins are latched or unlatched.

7. Automatic uncocking shaft sensing coupler
United States Patent 5,632,568 / Fechter / May 27, 1997
Abstract:
A coupling for axially fixing a hub on a shaft has locking members slidable in slots of the hub and which are engaged in recesses in the shaft by a collar which holds the locking members in the recesses so as to fix the hub axially on the shaft. In a released position, a shoulder on the collar catches behind a ledge formed on the hub, but only when the shaft is removed from the hub. When the shaft is in the hub, it cams against uncocking members in the form of balls which prevent the collar from being tilted so as to engage the collar shoulder with the ledge on the hub.

8. Automatic pallet fluid coupler
United States Patent 5,362,108 / Hrvatin / November 8, 1994
Abstract:
An passive automatic fluid coupler mechanism utilizes the relative motion between a pallet and a pallet support to operate a self-locking, quick disconnect coupling thereby connecting and disconnecting a fluid path between the pallet and the rotating table.

9. Automatic coupler for pressurized fluid circuit
United States Patent 5,002,254 / Belisaire , et al. / March 26, 1991
Abstract:
An automatic coupler for pressurized fluid circuits is divulged of the type comprising a valve (19) sliding in a body (1), and means for balancing the upstream fluid pressure on the valve. The downstream portion of the latter forms a socket for receiving and sealingly locking a connector (8). The coupler comprises a means for locking the valve in two positions: one in which the valve is open and the other in which it is closed and the socket communicates with the atmosphere, the connector (8) being still locked. Release of the valve from the first position engages a locking means in an intermediate position whose release causes locking in the second position. The coupler of the invention reliably prevents the "whiplash" phenomenon produced, at the time of uncoupling, by the downstream pressure.

10. Automatic coupler control system
United States Patent 4,892,204 / Lumbis / January 9, 1990
Abstract:
Coupler control system for railway vehicles that provides isolation of the electric and pneumatic lines of a rail vehicle from its corresponding electric and/or pneumatic intervehicle interface when that end of the vehicle is in an uncoupled condition. A combination proximity sensor and switch is positioned within the mechanical hook coupling housing so as to sense the actual engagement of the mechanical hooks of a pair of vehicles. The switch then closes and becomes operative to initiate a coupling cycle during which the onboard electric and pneumatic lines are coupled to the associated electric and pneumatic interfaces to provide continuity with the vehicle to which it is coupled. Included in the circuitry for the sensor switch is a diode circuit arranged to permit looping of the sensor switch output across the electric interface onto the adjacent car and back through the interface through the use of only two interface connector pins per interface.

11. Automatic railroad car coupler
United States Patent 4,703,862 / Werner / November 3, 1987
Abstract:
An automatic air couplter for railroad cars includes a bracket (26) which supports a cylinder housing (72) underneath the coupler mechanism of a railroad car. A face plate (60) is disposed on a piston (70) which reciprocates within the cylinder housing (72). A spring (76) is maintained in compression between the face plate (60) and the cylinder housing (72) to provide an outward force. Alignment devices (62) and (64) allow for automatic alignment of the face plate (60) such that orifices (66) can mate therebetween to allow air to pass therethrough.

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Ammonium Perchlorate : Kumpulan Informasi Paten

1. Process for producing perchloric acid and ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 5,131,989 / Dotson , et al. / July 21, 1992
Abstract
Ammonium perchlorate is produced a process which comprises: (a) oxidizing a solution of chloric acid substantially free of ionic impurities, (b) introducing gaseous ammonia or an ammonium hydroxide solution into the crystallizing zone to produce ammonium perchlorate crystals, wherein the aqueous solution of perchloric acid and/or the ammonium hydroxide solution is in droplet form. High purity ammonium perchlorate crystals can now be produced directly which are free of transition metals, sulfates and phosphates, as well as substantially free of other ionic impurities including alkali metals, chlorate and chloride.

2. Preparation of ammonium perchlorate

United States Patent 3,288,560
No Abstract

3. Process for the preparation of high purity ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 3,307,903
No abstract

4. Continuous electrolytic production of alkali metal perchlorates
United States Patent 5,004,527
Abstract
The alkali metal perchlorates, e.g., sodium perchlorate or hydrate thereof, are continuously produced by continuously electrolyzing an aqueous solution electrolyte of a corresponding alkali metal chlorate in a single stage, while maintaining such electrolyte homogeneous and compositionally uniform over time by the continuous and simultaneous introduction of alkali metal chlorate and water thereto, and continuously directly separating desired alkali metal perchlorate from such solution of electrolysis.

5. Process for making perchlorates
United States Patent 2,512,973
No abstract

6. Electrolytic preparation of perchlorates
United States Patent 3,475,301
No abstract

7. Continuous manufacture of chlorates and perchlorates
United States Patent 3,518,173
No abstract

8. Electrodes for electrolytic processes, especially perchlorate production
United States Patent 4,267,025
Abstract
An electrode especially for the production of chlorates and perchlorates comprising an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 40 to 85 parts by weight of platinum, 0 to 20 parts by weight of palladium and 15 to 40 parts by weight (as tin metal) of tin dioxide.

9. Method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 4,023,935 / Levinthal , et al. / May 17, 1977
Abstract
A method of making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate which comprises establishing a two-phase liquid system in which the upper phase is a concentrated solution of ammonium perchlorate and the lower phase is a liquid which is immiscible with the upper phase solvent and a non-solvent for ammonium perchlorate. Precipitation of ammonium perchlorate from the solution into the non-solvent is effected by either cooling the solution or evaporating the solvent thereof while subjecting the system to ultra-sonic vibrations. Fine ammonium perchlorate particles collect in the non-solvent phase and are recovered therefrom.

10. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
United States Patent 2,739,873

11. Improvements in and relating to the Production of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB125677 - 1919-05-01 / DUNK ALFRED JAMES; BAILEY CLEMENT WILLIAM
Abstract:
125,677. Bailey, C. W., Denny, H. S., and Dunk, A. J. Jan. 18, 1918. Ammonium perchlorate.-Relates to the pro- duction of ammonium perchlorate by the inter- action of ammonium sulphate and sodium per- chlorate in the presence of water. According to the invention, sodium perchlorate is added to the mother-liquor obtained by causing ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate to react in the presence of water at about 30-35 C., the tem- perature is raised to about 100 C. to cause the separation of anhydrous sodium sulphate, and am- monium sulphate is then added to the residual solution cooled to about 30-35 C. to effect the precipitation of ammonium perchlorate; the mother-liquor obtained is then treated in succes- sion with sodium perchlorate and ammonium sul- phate as set forth above.

12. Improved Manufacture of Ammonium Perchlorate.
GB110544 - 1918-04-18
Abstract:
110,544. Aktiebolaget Carlit. Sept. 25, 1916, [Convention date]. Ammonium perchlorate.-In the process of manufacturing ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition between ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate in which hot or cold solutions are mixed or in which one of the salts may be used in the solid form, the ammonium perchlorate being separated from the mother liquor before the crystallization of sodium sulphate begins, i.e., above 26 C., the mother liquors are evaporated to recover remaining ammonium perchlorate in vacuum apparatus or otherwise at temperatures between 45 and 100 C. to cause the separation of sodium sulphate in loose form and avoid incrusta- tions. Iron apparatus can be used.

13. Improved manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB137034 - 1921-02-17
Abstract:
In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C., and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added, preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when an equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquid may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with the temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subjec-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.ALSO:In the production of ammonium perchlorate by double decomposition of ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate, an initial solution saturated with ammonium perchlorate and sodium sulphate at a temperature below 33 DEG C. is heated to a temperature above 33 DEG C. and ammonium sulphate and sodium perchlorate are added preferably in equivalent quantities so as to cause precipitation of sodium sulphate and saturation with ammonium perchlorate, the higher temperature being such that the ratio dissolved of sodium sulphate to water in the hot solution is the same as the ratio of sodium sulphate to water in the solution at starting. The precipitated sodium sulphate is removed and the as a small excess of one of the initial salts, or solution is cooled to the starting temperature, when the equivalent amount of ammonium perchlorate separates, and the mother-liquor may be used again. It is not necessary for the starting solution to be wholly saturated with sodium sulphate, so long as the ratios above mentioned are equal, nor for the final solution to be wholly saturated with ammonium perchlorate, but these conditions give the greatest efficiency. In carrying out the process, the initial salts may be wholly or partly dissolved in separate portions of the initial solution, which portions are then mixed. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 (3) (a) states that the process is applicable generally when one reaction product has a solubility increasing with temperature and the other a solubility increasing to a maximum and then diminishing. An indifferent substance such sulphuric acid, may be added once for all to the reaction mixture. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.

14. Improved process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
GB912953 - 1962-12-12 / AYERST RONALD PERCY
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by reacting NaClO4 solution with CO2 and NH3, separating the precipitated NH4ClO4 from the mother liquor, and washing. The mother liquor and wash water is treated with CO2, and precipitated NaHCO3 separated and washed. The filtrate from NaHCO3 separation and wash water may be evaporated to produce a residual solution containing NaClO4 and NH4ClO4, which is recycled to the initial stage. The NH3, CO2, and H2O mixture, formed in the evaporation, has water condensed therefrom, and is also returned to the initial stage. Both CO2 reactions may be carried out at up to 60 DEG C.

15. Improvements in and relating to processes for the production of ammonium perchlorate
GB1148125 - 1969-04-10
Abstract:
1,148,125. Ammonium perchlorate. UGINE KUHLMANN. 28 March, 1967 [29 March, 1966], No. 14102/67. Heading C1A. Substantially pure, anhydrous ammonium perchlorate is produced by reacting an alkali metal perchlorate with ammonium sulphate, in a solvent, other than water, in which ammo- nium perchlorate is more soluble than the alkali metal sulphate, e.g. liquefied anhydrous ammo- nia, filtering the resultant suspension, and extracting the ammonium perchlorate by allowing the solvent to evaporate from the filtrate. The alkali metal perchlorate may be sodium perchlorate. Filtrate solutions may contain up to 55% by weight of ammonium per- chlorate. The reaction may take place in an autoclave, and ammonium perchlorate may be separated from the filtrate by depressurization in an autoclave containing a saturated solution of ammonium perchlorate from a previous operation.

16. Ammonium perchlorate
GB1020047 - 1966-02-16
Abstract:
Ammonium perchlorate is prepared by treating a concentrated aqueous alkali metal perchlorate solution with conc. H2SO4, distilling CH104 at 15-400 mm. Hg and neutralizing the aqueous HC104 solution with ammonia. Saturated ammonium perchlorate solution may be recycled from a previous crystallization stage. The particle size distribution may be varied by altering the starting temperature, a lower initial temperature leading to larger granules. The alkali metal perchlorate may be prepared by electrolytic oxidation and treatment with baryta to precipitate any chromate present. The crystallization stage may be carried out under reduced pressure. Examples in which gaseous ammonia is used, refer to batchwise and continuous processes.

17. MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
IL21650 - 1968-01-25
No abstract

18. AN IMPROVED CYCLIC ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE
IN152858 - 1984-04-21/ UDUPA HANDADY VENKATAKRISHNA; NARASIMHAM KAPISTHALAM CHETLUR
No abstract

19. Method and apparatus for making ammonium perchlorate
US3928546 - 1975-12-23 / GUZZO ANTHONY T
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia is preferably mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixture reacted with substantially pure, anhydrous perchloric acid vapor to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be separated from the gas mixture by an electrostatic precipitator or by means of a spray tower.

20. Vapor phase method of making ammonium perchlorate
US3883641 - 1975-05-13 / CONRAD RAYMOND
Abstract:
A method for making finely particulate ammonium perchlorate by vapor phase reaction between gaseous ammonia and anhydrous perchloric acid vapor. The gaseous ammonia and perchloric acid vapor are separately mixed with an inert carrier gas and the resulting mixtures reacted to form fine ammonium perchlorate particles. The ammonium perchlorate particles may be recovered by means of a dust bag filter.

21. PROCESS FOR MAKING WHISKER-LIKE CRYSTALS OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3870577 - 1975-03-11 / HILLS MARIAN E; AYRES WILLIAM M
Abstract:
A process for producing whisker-like crystals of micron and submicron size of ammonium perchlorate which comprises feeding a solution of ammonium perchlorate through a silicone-coated porous glass tube. These crystals are used as an ingredient in explosives, pyrotechnic compositions and propellant compositions for solid fuel rockets.

22. METHOD OF PRODUCING FINE PARTICLE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
US3685163 - 1972-08-22 / OLT ROBERT L
No abstract

23. Preparation of ammonium perchlorate
US3288560 - 1966-11-29 / GALE WILLIAM A; REBURN WILLIAM T
No abstract

24. Process for producing ammonium perchlorate
US3254947 - 1966-06-07 / STERN DAVID R
No abstract

25. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate and sodium ammonium phosphate
US3154380 - 1964-10-27 / HIDEO ARITA
No abstract

26. Process for the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate
US3105735 - 1963-10-01 / PERCY AYERST RONALD
No abstract

27. Ammonium perchlorate manufacturing process
US2972514 - 1961-02-21 / RITCHEY HAROLD W
No abstract

28. Process for making ammonium perchlorate
US2739873 - 1956-03-27 / SCHUMACHER JOSEPH C
No abstract

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ACRYLIC ACID : Kumpulan Informasi Paten

1. Method for purifying acrylic acid obtained by oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein

United States Patent 6,995,282 / Fauconet , et al. / February 7, 2006

Abstract

The gas reaction mixture (1), formed of propylene, if the case arises, of ultimate oxidation products, of acrylic acid, of acrolein, of steam, of acetic acid and of heavy products, is sent to the bottom of an absorption column (C1) fed countercurrentwise at the top with a heavy hydrophobic absorption solvent. The gas flow (7), formed of propylene and of ultimate oxidation products, of major amounts of water and acetic acid, and of acrolein, is obtained at the top of (C1) and a flow (4), formed of acrylic acid, of the heavy solvent, of heavy products and of minor amounts of acetic acid and of water, is obtained at the bottom of (C1). The flow (7) is sent to a heat exchanger (C3), where it is brought into contact with a descending liquid stream (8), fed at the top of (C3), composed of the recycling of a portion of the flow (9), cooled beforehand, from the bottom of (C3), in order to obtain, at the top, a gas flow (10) comprising the compounds present in the flow (7), except for most of the water and all the acetic acid, removed in the flow (9) from the bottom of (C3).

2. Preparation of acrylic acid and esters

United States Patent 5,817,865 / Machhammer , et al. / October 6, 1998

Abstract

A process for preparing acrylic acid and/or esters comprises the steps of: (a) catalytic gas phase oxidation of propene and/or acrolein to acrylic acid to obtain a gaseous reaction product comprising acrylic acid, (b) solvent absorption of the reaction product, (c) distillation of the solvent loaded with acrylic acid to obtain a crude acrylic acid and the solvent, (d) purification of the crude acrylic acid by crystallization and (e) optionally esterification of the crystalline acrylic acid.

3. Process for preparing and purifying acrylic acid from propylene having improved capacity

United States Patent 6,639,106 / Elder , et al. / October 28, 2003

Abstract

This invention relates to an improved process for preparing acrylic acid from propylene using a tandem reactor and utilizing an increased amount of propylene reactant, thereby providing increased capacity and throughput. An improved process for purifying acrylic acid is also disclosed.

4. Process for producing acrylic acid

United States Patent 4,873,368 / Kadowaki , et al. / October 10, 1989

Abstract

Propylene in admixture with molecular oxygen and steam is subjected to a two-step, vapor-phase, catalytic oxidation to convert into acrolein and then into acrylic acid. At least the first-step reaction is conducted in tubes of an apparatus of a shell-and-tube heat-exchanger type structure, and the reaction product of the first-step reaction is quenched before it is subjected to the second-step reaction. Reaction conditions in both the steps are specified.

5. Process for producing acrylic acid from propylene

United States Patent 4,147,885 / Shimizu , et al. / April 3, 1979

Abstract

A process for producing acrylic acid from propylene through acrolein as an intermediate by catalytic vapor phase oxidation, which comprises passing a starting reactant gas mixture containing propylene, a molecular oxygen-containing gas and steam through a first-stage reactor packed with a molybdenum-containing multi-component catalyst, passing the resulting acrolein-containing gas through a second-stage reactor packed with a multi-component catalyst containing vanadium and molybdenum, introducing the resulting acrylic acid-containing gas to an acrylic acid collector thereby to recover acrylic acid in the form of an aqueous solution, and incorporating a part of the exhaust gas from the collector in the starting reactant gas mixture.

6. Manufacture of acrylic acid by oxidation of propylene with oxygen-containing gases in two separate catalyst stages

United States Patent 4,031,135 / Engelbach , et al. / June 21, 1977

Abstract

In the oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid in the gas phase in two spatially separate oxidation stages, a part of the off-gas, which has been freed from condensable products, is fed to the oxidation stages in addition to freshly charged propylene and air, under the following conditions: A. The recycled off-gas and air are in part fed to the first oxidation stage and in part to the second oxidation stage, B. The molar ratio of propylene : oxygen : residual gases fed to the first stage is 1 : 1.5-2.3 : 11-19, C. The molar ratio of the total propylene fed in, to the total oxygen fed in, in the form of air or off-gas, before and after the first stage, and to the total residual gases fed in is 1 : 1.9-2.5 : 13-25, with the proviso that D. The air and the recycled off-gas are divided between the two feed points in such a way that from 10 to 50% by volume of the total quantity of air and off-gas fed in are added after the first stage and E. The air and off-gas are admixed to the reaction gas mixture after the first stage, immediately after it leaves the catalyst zone, so that the mixture is rapidly cooled to a temperature of from 150.degree. to 320.degree. C.

7. Process for the production of acrolein and acrylic acid

United States Patent 3,956,376 / Ferlazzo , et al. / May 11, 1976

Abstract

An improved process for the production of acrolein from propylene and of acrylic acid from propylene or acrolein or mixtures of propylene and acrolein which essentially comprises catalytic oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein with oxygen or a gas containing molecular oxygen in the presence of an oxidation catalyst and of methanol in a quantity of from 0.01 to 1% by volume with respect to the total gaseous mixture of the reactants. Acrolein and acrylic acid are formed in the process at high conversion rates and selectivities.

8. Process for inhibiting post reactions in the catalytic oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein to produce acrolein and/or acrylic acid

United States Patent 3,876,693 / Erpenbach , et al. / April 8, 1975

Abstract

Vapour-phase oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein with oxygen in the presence of steam to produce acrolein and/or acrylic acid, wherein post-reactions are inhibited. The oxidation is carried out in a reaction zone on a fixed bed catalyst at temperatures between 320.degree. and 450.degree.C. More particularly, the resulting hot reaction gas mixture leaving the reaction zone is directly introduced into a heat exchanger zone placed directly downstream of the reaction zone, and the reaction gas mixture is cooled in said heat exchanger zone, with water having a temperature at least 25.degree.C above the dew point of the reaction gas mixture, down to temperatures between 200.degree. and 300.degree.C. The reaction zone is bounded by a generally cylindrical casing receiving a plurality of individual tubular structures. The structures are adapted to have a fixed bed catalyst placed therein, bundled together and spaced apart from each other by means of two perforated plates sealing the upper end and lower end, respectively, of the casing, and heated by means of a salt melt. The heat exchanger zone receives a similar number of empty, watercoolable tubular structures. The tubular structures accommodated in the two zones are flanged together, so as to open directly into each other, by means of the perforated plates.

9. PROCESS FOR ISOLATING ACRYLIC ACID FROM THE REACTION GASES OBTAINED BY THE OXIDATION OF PROPYLENE OR A ACROLEIN

United States Patent 3,717,675 / Sennewald , et al. / February 20, 1973

Abstract

Process for isolating acrylic acid from the reaction gases obtained by the oxidation of propylene or acrolein, wherein the hot reaction gases, which have a temperature of 300.degree. to 600.degree.C, are pre-cooled, wherein the resulting aqueous acrylic acid solution is heated to be freed from the acrolein contained therein, and wherein the resulting vapors, together with non-liquefied, acrolein-containing residual gas, are returned to the oxidation zone, the said process comprising the steps of pre-cooling the reaction gas inside a heat exchanger down to a temperature of 100.degree. to 200.degree.C, subjecting thereafter the pre-cooled gases to direct scrubbing with water having a temperature of 10.degree. to 50.degree.C and thereby cooling them further down to a temperature between 30.degree. and 90.degree.C, and heating the resulting aqueous, 10 to 45 percent acrylic acid solution to a temperature of about 100.degree. to 120.degree.C to expel residual acrolein therefrom.

10. Production of acrylic acid

United States Patent 4,365,087 / Kadowaki , et al. / December 21, 1982

Abstract

In the production of acrylic acid by a two-stage, vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene, a composite oxide catalyst expressed by the formula Mo.sub.a Bi.sub.b Ni.sub.c Co.sub.d Fe.sub.e Na.sub.f Mn.sub.g B.sub.h K.sub.i Si.sub.j O.sub.x is used in the first-stage reaction, which is carried out under specific reaction and operational conditions, and the second-stage reaction is carried under specific reaction and operational conditions while oxygen is supplied by a specific mode.

11. Process for production of acrylic acid

United States Patent 3,903,149 / Kadowaki , et al. / September 2, 1975

Abstract

Acrolein is subjected to vapor phase oxidation to acrylic acid over an oxide catalyst which has the following atomic ratio of the components except for oxygen: Sb.sub.a Ni.sub.b Mo.sub.c V.sub.d W.sub.e Where: A = 100 B = 5 to 200 C = 10 to 1,000 D = 5 to 300 E = 1 to 200.

12. Single reactor process for preparing acrylic acid from propylene having improved capacity

United States Patent 6,384,274 / Elder , et al. / May 7, 2002

Abstract

This invention relates to an improved process for preparing acrylic acid from propylene using a single reactor utilizing an increased amount of propylene reactant thereby providing increased capacity and throughput.

13. Process for production of acrylic acid

United States Patent 5,218,146 / Takata , et al. / June 8, 1993

Abstract

A process for the production of acrylic acid by the two-stage catalytic vapor-phase oxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen, the first stage for oxidizing propylene to produce mainly acrolein and the second stage for oxidizing acrolein to produce mainly acrylic acid, which process comprises supplying to the first-stage reaction a raw gas containing a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 5 carbon atoms in an amount in the range of 5 to 70% by volume, carbon dioxide in an amount in the range of 3 to 50% by volume, and the aliphatic hydrocarbon and the carbon dioxide in a total amount in the range of 20 to 80% by volume and further containing steam in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 8 mol per mol of propylene.

14. Purification of acrylic acid obtained by catalytic oxidation of propylene

United States Patent 6,281,386 / Fauconet , et al. / August 28, 2001

Abstract

The method consists in extracting acrylic acid by countercurrent filtration washing of reaction gases by at least a hydrophobic absorbing heavy solvent, then recuperating the purified acrylic acid from the solution obtained at the end of this extracting step. As hydrophobic absorbing heavy solvent at least a hydrophobic aromatic compound is used having: a boiling point under atmospheric pressure between 260.degree. C. and 380.degree. C.; a crystallisation temperature less than 35.degree. C. and a viscosity less than 10 mPa.multidot.s in a range of temperature between 30-80.degree. C.

15. Vapor phase catalytic oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid

United States Patent 6,281,384 / Contracter , et al./ August 28, 2001

Abstract

An improved method for manufacturing acrylic acid by vapor phase oxidation of propylene in a single step or reaction stage using as solid phase oxidant a mixture of two particulate solids comprising a bismuth molybdate multimetal oxide (e.g., Mo.sub.12 Co.sub.3.5 Bi.sub.1.1 Fe.sub.0.8 W.sub.0.5 Si.sub.1.4 K.sub.0.05 O.sub.x) and a molybdenum vanadate multimetal oxide (e.g., Mo.sub.12 V.sub.4.8 Sr.sub.0.5 W.sub.2.4 Cu.sub.2.2 O.sub.x). Such a process is advantageously carried out in a recirculating solids reactor system wherein the particulate mixture of solids in an oxidized state reacts with a feed gas containing propylene in a vertical riser reactor and after separation from the acrylic acid gaseous product the particulate mixture of solids in a reduced state is regenerated by contact with an oxygen containing gas in a separate regeneration reactor before recirculation to the riser for further reaction.

16. Process for the purification of acrylic acid obtained by catalytic oxidation of propylene

United States Patent 5,705,688 / Fauconet , et al./ January 6, 1998

Abstract

Acrylic acid obtained by catalytic oxidation of propylene, extracted by countercurrent washing of the reaction gases which at least one hydrophobic heavy solvent in an extraction column (C1) is purified. To this end, a distillation of the stream (5) obtained at the bottom of the column (C1) is conducted in a column (C3) so as to obtain a very pure acrylic acid stream (6) at the top of the column (C3), allowing acrylic acid to pass at the bottom (7); the bottom stream (7) is conveyed as feed into the lower part of a distillation column (C4) from which a stream (9) rich in maleic anhydride and impurities of boiling temperatures situated between that of acrylic acid and that of the heavy solvent is drawn off sideways on a tray situated between the feed and the top of the column; a stream (8) rich in acrylic acid, which is returned as feed to the column (C3) is distilled at the top of the column (C4); and a stream (1) containing heavy solvent and heavy impurities, which is recycled to the top of the column (C1), is recovered at the bottom of the column (C4).

17. Continuous heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase oxidation of propylene to acrolein, acrylic acid or a mixture thereof

United States Patent 5,684,188/ Hefner , et al./ November 4, 1997

Abstract

In a process for the continuous heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase oxidation of propylene to acrolein, acrylic acid or a mixture thereof in an oxidation reactor whose feed gas mixture comprises, apart from propylene and molecular oxygen as oxidant, only at least one diluent gas which is essentially inert under the conditions of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase oxidation and where, in continuous operation, at least a part of the essentially inert diluent gases present in the product gas mixture is separated off therefrom and is reused as a constituent of the feed gas mixture to the oxidation reactor, the essentially inert diluent gas mixture comprises more than 85% by volume of at least one saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

18. Process for producing acrolein and acrylic acid

United States Patent 4,837,360/ Kadowaki , et al./ June 6, 1989

Abstract

Acrolein and acrylic acid are produced by vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene in a multi-tubular, fixed-bed reaction vessel with the use of a composite oxide catalyst represented by the formula Mo.sub.a Bi.sub.b Fe.sub.c A.sub.d B.sub.e C.sub.f D.sub.g Si.sub.h O.sub.x, wherein A, B, C, and D represent components selectable from respective groups of elements, and the subscripts a through h and x are specific numbers of atoms of respective elements and groups of elements. This catalyst is adapted and packed in each reaction tube in a manner such that its activity is controlled to increase from the inlet toward the outlet of the tube.

19. Process for the catalytic oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid

United States Patent 4,435,598 / Hinnenkamp / March 6, 1984

Abstract

An improved process for the catalytic oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid the improvement comprising conducting the process in the presence of an effective amount of hydroquinone. The improved process is particularly applicable to the aqueous liquid phase reaction of propylene with molecular oxygen using a supported palladium catalyst.

20. Process for producing acrylic acid from propylene

United States Patent 4,147,885 / Shimizu , et al. / April 3, 1979

Abstract

A process for producing acrylic acid from propylene through acrolein as an intermediate by catalytic vapor phase oxidation, which comprises passing a starting reactant gas mixture containing propylene, a molecular oxygen-containing gas and steam through a first-stage reactor packed with a molybdenum-containing multi-component catalyst, passing the resulting acrolein-containing gas through a second-stage reactor packed with a multi-component catalyst containing vanadium and molybdenum, introducing the resulting acrylic acid-containing gas to an acrylic acid collector thereby to recover acrylic acid in the form of an aqueous solution, and incorporating a part of the exhaust gas from the collector in the starting reactant gas mixture.

21. Manufacture of acrylic acid by oxidation of propylene with oxygen-containing gases in two separate catalyst stages

United States Patent 4,031,135 / Engelbach , et al. / June 21, 1977

Abstract

In the oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid in the gas phase in two spatially separate oxidation stages, a part of the off-gas, which has been freed from condensable products, is fed to the oxidation stages in addition to freshly charged propylene and air, under the following conditions: A. The recycled off-gas and air are in part fed to the first oxidation stage and in part to the second oxidation stage, B. The molar ratio of propylene : oxygen : residual gases fed to the first stage is 1 : 1.5-2.3 : 11-19, C. The molar ratio of the total propylene fed in, to the total oxygen fed in, in the form of air or off-gas, before and after the first stage, and to the total residual gases fed in is 1 : 1.9-2.5 : 13-25, with the proviso that D. The air and the recycled off-gas are divided between the two feed points in such a way that from 10 to 50% by volume of the total quantity of air and off-gas fed in are added after the first stage and E. The air and off-gas are admixed to the reaction gas mixture after the first stage, immediately after it leaves the catalyst zone, so that the mixture is rapidly cooled to a temperature of from 150.degree. to 320.degree. C.

22. Preparation of acrylic acid by heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene

United States Patent Application 20060004229 / Dieterle; Martin ; et al. / January 5, 2006

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for preparing acrylic acid by two-stage heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene, in which the propylene source used is a preceding propane dehydrogenation and in which the first oxidation stage is operated with restricted propylene conversion, and unconverted propane and propylene present in the product gas mixture of the second partial oxidation stage are recycled substantially into the preceding propane dehydrogenation.

23. Preparation of acrolein or acrylic acid or a mixture thereof by heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene

United States Patent Application 20060004227 / Dieterle; Martin ; et al. / January 5, 2006

Abstract

A process for preparing acrolein or acrylic acid or a mixture thereof by heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas oxidation of propylene, in which the starting reaction gas mixture has the following contents: from 6 to 9% by volume of propylene, from 8 to 18% by volume of molecular oxygen, from 6 to 30% by volume of propane and from 32 to 72% by volume of molecular nitrogen.

ACEMANNAN: Kumpulan informasi

1.
Extraction of acetylized mannan from aloe juice

Inventor: DONG YINMAO (CN); ZHAO HUA (CN); (+1)
Applicant: BEIJING BUSINESS UNIV (CN)
EC: IPC: C08B37/02; C08B37/00; (IPC1-7): C08B37/02
Publication info: CN1424331 - 2003-06-18

Abstract :

A process for extracting acetylated mannosan from raw aloe juice includes such steps as mixing, microwave treating, centrifugal separating, and freeze drying. Its advantages are high output rate (0.2%), high speed, less consumption of energy and solvent and low pollution.

2.
Chemical characterization of the immunomoduling polysaccharide of aloe vera L.

Jimmy Tai-Nin Chow; David A. Williamson; Kenneth M. Yates; Warren J. Goux Carbohydrate Research ,340(6):1131-1142

Data provide direct evidence of a previously proposed glucomannan backbone, but draw into question previously proposed side-chain structures for the polysaccharide from the mucilaginous gel of Aloe vera.The polysaccharide isolated by alcohol precipitation of Aloe vera mucilaginous gel was found to have a Man:Glc:Gal:GalA:Fuc:Ara:Xyl ratio of 120:9:6:3:2:2:1 with traces of Rha and GlcA. Linkage analysis of the endo-(1→4)-β-d-mannanase-treated sample yielded Man p-(1→ (∼26%), 4-Man p (∼53%), 2,4-Man p (∼3%), 3,4-Man p (∼1%), 4,6-Man p (∼1%), 4-Glc p (∼5%), 4-Xyl p (∼1%), Xyl p-(1→ (∼2%), Gal p-(1→ (∼5%), and traces of 4,6-Gal p and 3,6-Gal p. Hydrolysis with strong acids produced a mixture of short oligosaccharides and an acid-resistant fraction containing greater relative fractions of Man p-(1→, Ara f-(1→, Xyl p-(1→, and 4-Xyl p than the bulk polysaccharide. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by endo-(1→4)-β-d-mannanase and acid hydrolysis showed the presence of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides of 4-β-Man p, β-Glc p-(1→4)-Man, β-Glc p-(1→4)-β-Man p-(1→4)-Man, and β-Man p-(1→4)-[α-Gal p-(1→6)]-Man, consistent with a backbone containing alternating →4)-β-Man p-(1→ and →4)-β-Glc p-(1→ residues in a ∼15:1 ratio. Analysis of the sample treated sequentially with endo-(1→4)-β-d-mannanase and α-d-galactosidase showed that the majority of α-Gal p-(1→ residues were linked to O-2, O-3, or O-6 of →4)-β-Man p-(1→ residues, with ∼16 →4)-β-Man p-(1→ residues between side chains. Our data provide direct evidence of a previously proposed glucomannan backbone, but draw into question previously proposed side-chain structures.

Keywords:13; C NMR; 1; H NMR; Acemannan; Aloe vera; Polysaccharide; Immunostimulant; Immunomodulator

3.
Extraction process of acetylated aloe glucomannan

Inventor: ZHOU ZHIDE (CN); ZHU JIANXIN (CN)
Applicant: SUZHOU SAI EN BIOLOG ENGINEERI (CN)
EC: IPC: A61K31/715; C08B37/00; A61K31/715 (+2)
Publication info: CN1432581 - 2003-07-30

Abstract :

A separation and purification process of acetylated aloe glucomannan from aloe juice includes adding special biochemical enzyme to aloe juice straining and ultrafiltering to obtain concentrated aloe juice; adding organic solution to concentrated aloe juice to extract coarse aloe polysaccharide, water washing and filtering; ultrafiltering and concentration to obtain water solution o purified acetylated aloe glucomannan; and freeze drying to obtain powder. The said process combines separation and concentration, maintains the activity of acetylated aloe glucomannan, and can be used in industrialproduction.

4.
Extraction refining method for aloe-polysaccaride

Inventor: TAN RENXIANG (CN); XU CHEN (CN); (+1)
Applicant: UNIV NANJING (CN)
Publication info: CN1418892 - 2003-05-21

Abstract:

The method for extracting and refining aloe polysaccharide includes the following steps: uctting fresh leaf of aloe into small block, extracting with water at 40-80 deg.C, filtering extract, centrifugation and taking out supernatant fluid, adding 95% ethyl alcohol in the supernatant fluid, making the ethyl alcohol content be up to 50-80%, precipitating crude aloe polysaccharide, dissolving said crude aloe polysaccharide in water, adding 20-50% trichloroacetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid to make end concentration of trichloroacetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid be up to 2-6%, standing still, then centrifugation to remove precipitate to obtain secondary supernatant fluid, feeding it into macroporous resin column bed and using water to make elution, concentrating and adding 95% ethyl alcohol, precipitating polysaccharide, freeze-drying so as to obtain refined aloe polysaccharide.

5.
Extraction of aloe extract

Inventor: HUANG XIAOZHOU (CN)
Applicant: HUANG XIAOZHOU (CN)
EC: IPC: A23L2/38; A23L2/385; A23L2/44 (+8)
Publication info: CN1216232 - 1999-05-12

Abstract:

After fresh aloe leaf is cleaned, soaked in disinfection solution for 10-20 min, washed and drip-dried, the rind and gel are separated in special aloe peeler, treated separately and mixed to produce aloe juice, concentrated aloe juice, aloe powder and other product, which may be mixed with some additive in certain amount to produce various final products. The present invention can retain the effective components in aloe fully and control the content of anthraquinone and glycosides. Using instantaneous high-temperature degradation process to replace chemical process in treating aloe juice can reduce production cost greatly.

6.
Acemannan purified from Aloe vera induces phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells.

Lee JK, Lee MK, Yun YP.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2001 Jul;1(7):1275-84.
College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea.

Acemannan, a major carbohydrate fraction of Aloe vera gel, has been known to have antiviral and antitumoral activities in vivo through activation of immune responses. The present study was set out to define the immunomodulatory activity of acemannan on dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most important accessory cells for the initiation of primary immune responses. Immature DCs were generated from mouse bone marrow (BM) cells by culturing in a medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4, and then stimulated with acemannan, sulfated acemannan, and LPS, respectively. The resultant DCs were examined for phenotypic and functional properties. Phenotypic analysis for the expression of class II MHC molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2, CD40 and CD54 confirmed that acemannan could induce maturation of immature DCs. Functional maturation of immature DCs was supported by increased allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and IL-12 production. The differentiation-inducing activity of acemannan was almost completely abolished by chemical sulfation. Based on these results, we propose that the adjuvant activity of acemannan is at least in part due to its capacity to promote differentiation of immature DCs.

7.
Acemannan, a beta-(1,4)-acetylated mannan, induces nitric oxide production in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.

Ramamoorthy L, Kemp MC, Tizard IR.
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University , College Station 77843 , USA
Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Oct;50(4):878-84.

Acemannan is a polydispersed beta-(1,4)-linked acetylated mannan with antiviral properties. It is an immunomodulator, and studies in our laboratory have shown that it causes activation of macrophages. Inducible NO synthase is generally expressed after transcriptional induction and is known to mediate some of the cytotoxic action of activated macrophages. Acemannan, in the presence of interferon-gamma, greatly increased the synthesis of NO in RAW 264.7 cells. This increase was preceded by increased expression of mRNA for the inducible form of macrophage NO synthase. Preincubation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibited the induction, indicating the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B. These results suggest that acemannan causes the activation of macrophages by increasing the level of NO synthase at the level of transcription.

8.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) Extracts.

Hu Y, Xu J, Hu Q.
College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PRC, and Department of Biology, Changshu College of Science and Technology, Changshu, PR China.
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 17;51(26):7788-91.

The polysaccharide and flavonoid concentrations of two-, three-, and four-year-old Aloe vera were determined, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated compared to BHT and alpha-tocopherol by the DPPH radical scavenging method and the linoleic acid system at 100 microg of soluble solids per mL of ethanol. The results showed that three-year-old Aloe vera contained significantly higher levels of polysaccharides and flavonoids than two- and four-year-old Aloe vera, and no significant differences in flavonoid levels were found between three- and four-year-old Aloe vera. All the aloe extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of Aloe vera extracts and reference compounds followed the order: three-year-old Aloe vera > BHT > four-year-old Aloe vera > alpha-tocopherol > two-year-old Aloe vera. The three-year-old extract exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity of 72.19%, which is significantly higher than that of BHT at 70.52% and alpha-tocopherol at 65.20%. These data suggest that the growth stage plays a vital role in the composition and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera.

9.
Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein fraction with a proliferation-promoting activity on human and hamster cells in vitro from Aloe vera gel.

Yagi A, Egusa T, Arase M.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.
Planta Med. 1997 Feb;63(1):18-21.

Fractions of leaf gel from Aloe barbadensis Mill. were prepared by gel permeation using DEAE Sephadex A-25, Sepharose 6B, and Sephadex G-50 columns. These were then tested by in vitro assays for proliferation of human normal dermal and baby hamster kidney cells. The glycoprotein fraction promoted cell growth, while the neutral polysaccharide fraction did not show any growth stimulation. Moreover, the polar-colored glycoprotein fraction strongly inhibited the in vitro assays. An active glycoprotein fraction (protein 82%, carbohydrate 11%) examined on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE showed a single band. Its molecular weight was 29 kD on a Sephadex G-50 column and its isoelectric point was pH 6.8. Immunoblotting after SDS-PAGE showed that the glycoprotein was composed of two subunits (14 kD). Deglycosylation of glycoprotein (Pg21-2b fraction) by trifluoromethanesulphonic acid provided a protein band with a molecular weight of 13 kD on SDS-PAGE. The colored glycoprotein fraction was shown on SDS-PAGE to be a mixture with a molecular weight of 18 kD-15 kD. It was later hydrolyzed with 10% H2SO4 to produce phenolic substances.

10.
PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES. VI. DETECTION OF A NATIVELY ACETYLATED MANNAN IN UNGERNIA BULBS BY IR SPECTROSCOPY

MALIKOVA M. KH. ; KRISTALLOVICH E. L. ; RAKHIMOV D. A. ;
Chemistry of natural compounds , 33(5)1997: 527-529


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