Gasoline, Diesel and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants

Ram B. Gupta; Ayhan Demirbas

Buku ini diterbitkan oleh Cambridge University Press tahun 2010. Cakupan 246 halaman.

Daftar isi:

1. Introduction, 1

• Energy, 1
• Petroleum, 3
• Natural Gas, 12
• Coal, 15
• Biofuels, 16
• Summary, 24

2. Air Pollution and Global Warming from the Use of Fossil Fuels, 25

• Introduction , 25
• Air Pollution, 25
• Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 30
• Greenhouse Effect, 33
• Global Warming, 36
• Kyoto Protocol, 38
• Carbon Credits, 39
• Carbon Sequestration, 39
• Summary, 40

3. Renewable Energy Sources, 41

• Introduction, 41
• Biomass, 42
• Hydropower, 46
• Geothermal, 47
• Wind, 49
• Solar, 50 
• Ocean Energy, 52 
• Biogas, 53 
• Summary, 54

4. Biomass Availability in the World, 56

• Introduction, 56 
• Biomass Definition, 56 
• Biomass Sources, 58 
• World Potential to Product Biomass, 67 
• Biomass Characterization, 67 
• Summary, 72

5. Conventional Ethanol Production from Corn and Sugarcane, 73

• Introduction, 73 
• Ethanol in  Ancient Times, 74 
• Current Ethanol Production, 75 
• Fermentation, 76 
• Ethanol from Sugarcane, 79 
• Ethanol from Corn, 79 
• Separation and Purification, 82 
• Summary, 83

6. Ethanol from Biomass by Fermentation, 84

• Challenges with Corn-Based Ethanol, 84 
• Cellulose in Biomass, 84 
• Sugars from Cellulose, 88 
• Factors Affecting Lignocellulose Digestibility, 88 
• Biomass Pretreatment, 90 
• Cellulose Hydrolysis to Produce Sugars, 98 
• Fermentation of Sugars to Ethanol,99 
• Ethanol Separation and Purification, 101 
• Summary, 101

7. Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils, 102

• What Is Biodiesel?, 102 
• History, 102 
• Vegetable Oil Resources, 103 
• Transesterification, 107 
• Current Technologies, 111 
• Fuel Properties of Biodiesels, 117 
• Disadvantages of Biodiesel, 122 
• Summary, 122

8. Diesel from Biomass Gasification Followed by Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, 123

• Diesel Fuel, 123 
• Gasification of Biomass to Produce Syngas, 126 
• Conditioning of Syngas, 131 
• FT Synthesis to Produce Diesel, 132 
• Fuel Properties of  FT Diesel, 138 
• Summary, 139

9. Bio-Oil from Biomass Pyrolysis, 140

• What Is Bio-Oil?, 140 
• Pyrolysis, 140 
• Process Considerations, 143 
• Pyrolysis Reactors, 146 
• Fuel Properties of Bio-Oil, 151 
• Upgrading of Bio-Oil, 155 
• Summary, 157

10. Biocrude from Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction, 158

• What Is Biocrude?, 158 
• Hydrothermal Medium, 158 
• Liquefaction Process, 161 
• Liquefaction Mechanism, 165 
• Properties of Biocrude, 169 
• Refinement and Upgrading of Biocrude, 170 
• Critical  Issues, 171 
• Summary, 174

11. Solar and Wind Energy for Biofuel Production, 175

• Process Energy Needs for Biofuel Production, 175 
• Wind Energy, 176 
• Solar Energy, 178 
• Direct Use of Solar Radiation, 180 
• Storage of Solar Thermal Energy, 181 
• Summary, 182

12. Environmental Impacts of Biofuels, 183

• Biomass and the Natural Carbon Cycle, 183 
• Environmental Impacts of Biomass Production, 183 
• Environmental Impacts of Biomass-to-Biofuel Conversion, 186 
• Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Use, 187 
• Life-Cycle Impacts, 188 
• Summary, 190

13. Economic Impact of Biofuels, 191

• Biofuel Economy, 191 
• Economic Impact of Corn Ethanol, 192 
• Economic Impact of Sugarcane Ethanol, 193 
• Economic Impact of Biodiesel, 194 
• Future Economic Impact of  Biomass-Based Biofuels, 194 
• Economic Impact on Developing and Rural Economies, 198 
• Summary, 198

14. Biofuel Policy, 200

• Introduction, 200 
• Brazilian Biofuel Policy, 201 
• European Biofuel Policy, 202 
• Chinese Biofuel Policy, 203 
• Indian Biofuel Policy, 204 
• The United States Biofuel Policy, 205 
• Global Biofuel Projections, 206 
• Summary, 207 

 Index, 225

 

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